Impact of Current Institutional Setup on Water Service Delivery: A Synopsis of Two Water Authorities in Botswana

Abstract

The water sector in many developing countries in the world is characterised by inadequacies and inefficiencies in service delivery (Gardner-Outlaw and Engelman, 1997). These among other things are reflected by disrupted flow of water, frequent system breakdown, long waiting periods for connection, escalating unaccounted for water losses in the distribution networks, unsatisfactory customer relations and haphazard water projects’ implementation and Botswana is no exception. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of institutional arrangements on water service delivery at household level in villages of Botswana based on a case study of Kanye and Molapowabojang. Empirical data was obtained by employing qualitative approach from January to April 2007. Key informant interviews, focus group discussions and document review were the main tools for data collection. Three indicators of coverage levels, reliability of water supply and consumer satisfaction were used in assessing the efficiency of water service delivery.

Two main water supply sources are used by households in Kanye and Molapowabojang – public standpipes and private connections. However majority of the households in Molapowabojang depend on public standpipes mainly because private connections hardly pump out water. Despite this fact, most households prefer to have a higher level of service, the private connection for the convenience it offers, as it does not require walking out of the compound to obtain water. The study findings revealed that the current institutional set up to rural water service delivery at household level is relatively efficient in terms of water reticulation infrastructure provision, functioning sources, access to and use of water (time and distance) and to a very limited extent, willingness to pay to sustain existing service levels. Although there is water reticulation infrastructure in the two villages, there are short comings in their operation and maintenance as well the ability to meet user preferences. The efficiency of the approach is in doubt as communities are to a very limited extent involved in the planning, implementation, operation and maintenance and evaluation of their water supply systems. Responsibility for these activities is seen to rest with the Department of Water Affairs and the District Council which are seen as inefficient. The study therefore is of the opinion that the current institutional arrangement is inadequately performing in the management of water supply schemes and service delivery at household level. This can be redressed by affording rural communities and private sector greater involvement in decisions relating to the water service delivery. There needs to be a reassessment and reorientation of existing institutional structures related to water supply. In addition, there is need for understanding the level of water development in the country. Though it is important to separate the roles of service provision from regulation and resource management, it is imperative to understand the level at which service provision is at. The water institutions in Botswana should be developed and empowered to successfully operate and maintain the infrastructure in place. Key Words: Service Delivery, Water Institutions, Coverage level, reliability, consumer satisfaction, Botswana, village, Integrated Water Resources Management